Defence, Terrorism & Security
Options Available to the United States to Counter a Nuclear Iran
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
A testimony before the U.S. House Armed Services Committee about the options available for countering a nuclear Iran
Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2006-02-08
Carnegie International Non-Proliferation Conference Materials
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
Single page linking to transcripts, presentations and other materials from the 2005 Carnegie International Non-Proliferation Conference
Disarmament & Peacekeeping, Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2005-11-23
Atoms for War? U.S.-Indian Civilian Nuclear Cooperation and India's Nuclear Arsenal
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
A 64-page US report challenging the assumption that the recent US-Indian nuclear agreement will enable India to expand its nuclear arsenal rapidly
Defence, Terrorism & Security, Foreign PolicyPosted: 2006-07-02
Need for Nuclear Consensus
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
A U.S. article stressing the need for international consensus to prevent the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty from crumbling
Disarmament & Peacekeeping, Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2005-05-11
Hizbollah's Outlook in the Current Conflict
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
A two-part policy outlook offering insights into Hizbollah's motives, strategy and objectives (single page, linking to each part)
Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2006-09-09
Deterring Conflict in the Taiwan Strait: The Successes and Failures of Taiwan's Defense Reform and Modernization Program
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
A 36-page examination of Taiwan's defence reform and modernization program and an assessment of future prospects
Defence, Terrorism & Security, Foreign PolicyPosted: 2004-07-26
Universal Compliance: A Strategy for Nuclear Security
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
A 96-page draft strategy report, proposing a comprehensive approach to the challenges of nuclear proliferation in a post-9/11 world
Disarmament & Peacekeeping, Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2004-07-06
Putting the Proliferation Security Initiative into Perspective
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
An article commenting on the achievements, shortcomings and potential of the PSI
Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2005-05-03
WMD in Iraq: Evidence and Implications
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
This 111-page report aims to summarize and clarify the complex story of WMD and the Iraq war
Defence, Terrorism & Security, Disarmament & PeacekeepingPosted: 2004-02-29
Russia and the Iranian Nuclear Crisis
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
A commentary on Russia's current position on the Iranian nuclear crisis
Defence, Terrorism & Security, Foreign PolicyPosted: 2006-06-03
Iran Is Not An Island: A Strategy to Mobilize the Neighbours
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
An 8-page U.S. policy brief proposing that a more balanced U.S. stance is a pre-requisite for mobilizing all international actors in opposition to Iranian nuclear development
Defence, Terrorism & Security, Foreign PolicyPosted: 2005-02-16
Time for a US/Iran Patch Up
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
This 19-page US paper argues that, with serious mutual effort, Iran and the US can normalize their relations
Foreign Policy, Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2006-04-06
U.S. Strategy: Assisting Pakistan's Transformation
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
A 20-page paper proposing a strategy for the U.S. to guide Pakistan towards democratic reform while maintaining the country's cooperation in the war against terrorism
Foreign Policy, Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2004-12-11
A Spreading Danger: Time for a New Policy Toward Chechnya
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
This 8-page policy brief highlights the international dangers of the ongoing Chechnyan conflict and urges the West to make a positive contribution to the region
Disarmament & Peacekeeping, Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2005-03-04
No Good Choices: The Implications of a Nuclear North Korea
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
Testimony to the U.S. House of Representatives International Relations Committee, discussing the issue of nuclear weapons on the Korean peninsula
Defence, Terrorism & Security, Disarmament & PeacekeepingPosted: 2005-03-04
Walking on Eggshells in Tehran
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
A commentary on the foreign policy implications of the Iranian nuclear standoff
Defence, Terrorism & Security, Foreign PolicyPosted: 2004-12-02
States at Risk and Failed States: Putting Security First
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
A 10-page paper argung that outside intervention in the affairs of at-risk or failed states should focus on establishing and maintaining security
Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2004-10-04
Seeking Breakthroughs: The Meandering U.S.-India Relationship Needs a Fresh Impetus
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
A 2-page article arguing that improved military relations alone are insufficient to transform U.S.-India relations
Foreign Policy, Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2004-11-02
Crisis in the Middle East
Carnegie Endowment for World Peace
A collection of commentaries on different facets of the current crisis in the Middle East
Defence, Terrorism & Security, Foreign PolicyPosted: 2006-08-05
Global Implications of the U.S. Election
Carnegie Endowment for World Peace
Commentary on the implications of President Bush's re-election for the foreign policy of the U.S. and other countries
Foreign Policy, Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2004-11-17
The Mistral Problem
CAST
A Russian editorial on the current trend in Rusia's defence procurement policy for purchasing overseas
Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2009-11-28
Russian Defence Procurement in 2007
CAST
An analysis of Russia's national defence procurement for 2007
Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2007-10-20
North Korea: The Bush Administration's Strategic Fiasco
CAST
A Russian commentary on US strategy towards the North Korean nuclear crisis
Defence, Terrorism & Security, Foreign PolicyPosted: 2007-05-04
US Missile Defence in Europe: The View from Russia
CAST
An article giving a Russian perspective on US plans to extend its missile defence system to Europe
Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2007-12-09
Sizing Up Russia – NATO Relations
CAST
A Russian perspective on Russia-NATO relations
Defence, Terrorism & Security, Foreign PolicyPosted: 2009-04-16
Georgian Lesson for Libya
CASTA
A Russian commentary on NATO's campaign in Libya
Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2011-06-28
Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran, the Regional Power Balance, and the Sectarian Question
CCC
An 8-page US essay on Saudi Arabia's policy in respect of key regional issues
Foreign Policy, Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2007-03-16
Countering Asymmetrical Warfare in the 21st Century: A Grand Strategic Vision
CCC
This 9-page US article offers a comprehensive strategic vision for countering asymmetrical threats
Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2008-07-09
Special Edition on Energy Security
CCC
The Introduction to a special edition of "Strategic Insights" dealing with different aspects of energy security (links to each article)
Energy, Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2008-02-05
The Future of the British Nuclear Deterrent: An Assessment of Decision Factors
CCC
A 14-page research note giving background on the existing British nuclear system, the likely decision factors weighed by the British government, and the position of the three major political parties on the future of the nuclear deterrent
Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2007-01-11
Terrorism and U.S. Counter-Terrorism Policies in Africa: An Overview
CCC
This 11-page paper examines the nature of the terrorist threat in Africa and describes the US response to it
Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2007-01-11
Attractiveness of WMD for Radical Islamist Movements
CCC
A 10-page US article examining the threat posed by the potential use of WMD by radical Islamist groups
Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2007-08-21
Understanding Iran's Motivations in Iraq: The Cost Calculus of External Support
CCC
A 9-page US article examining Iran's motivation in supporting Iraqi insurgents
Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2007-08-21
General Trends, Global Futures and U.S.-Pakistan Relations
CCC
A 5-page article placing U.S.-Pakistan relations in the context of geopolitical trends
Foreign Policy, Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2007-06-26
The Democratic Challenge: Transparency, Accountability and Effectiveness in Intelligence
CCC
A group of articles examining how democracies confront the dilemma of creating and maintaining intelligence services that are effective and under democratic civilian control ( single page linking to each article)
Governance & Politics, Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2007-05-16
Understanding Female Suicide Terrorism in Sri Lanka through a Constructivist Lens
CCC
A 25-page US paper arguing that three primary factors suggest a constructivist interpretation provides a more sufficient tool for understanding the use of female suicide bombers: 1) a number of institutional programs promoted discrimination, suppression and violence against Tamil society; 2) the LTTE organization was able to harness discontent and mobilize women as protectors of the Tamil nation; and 3), the above two factors were skillfully wrapped in a narrative of cultural liberation that outlined the necessity of female martyrdom
Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2010-08-25
Organized Crime, Terrorism and Nuclear Trafficking
CCC
This 18-page US paper focuses on the interest shown by organized crime, drug trafficking networks and terrorist groups in acquiring and dealing in nuclear materials
Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2007-08-21
The Perilous Slog of Asymmetric Warfare: A Better Way Forward in Afghanistan
CCC
This 26-page US paper explores the utility of special operations forces (SOF) in association with tribal engagement
Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2010-08-25
Missile Defense Malfunction: Why the Proposed U.S. Missile Defenses in Europe Will Not Work
CCEIA
A US paper criticising the proposed deployment of a missile defence system in Eastern Europe
Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2008-05-06
Nuclear Weapons in the Middle East: Here to Stay
CCS
This 4-page Swiss analysis finds that, given existing dynamics, the most plausible future regional developments are unlikely to encourage nuclear disarmament steps in the Middle East. More probably, upholding the existing state of affairs will prove challenging enough
Defence, Terrorism & Security, Disarmament & PeacekeepingPosted: 2012-03-17
Russia and the Future of the INF
CDI
A US commentary on Russian threats to withdraw from the Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces Treaty
Disarmament & Peacekeeping, Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2007-03-21
East of the Middle East: The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and U.S. Security Implications
CDI
A 9-page U.S. article describing how the policies and agendas of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation freuquently clash with those of the US
Defence, Terrorism & Security, Foreign PolicyPosted: 2006-12-22
The Need for a Strategic Dialogue with China
CDI
An 11-page analysis of how the US should avoid space warfare with China
Defence, Terrorism & Security, Disarmament & PeacekeepingPosted: 2008-09-05
Iraq, Iran and Turkey: A Regional Approach
CDI, WSI
An 8-page US policy brief advocating a regional solution to the political and security challenges facing Western Asia
Foreign Policy, Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2008-01-03
Filling the Void: Dispatch from Afghanistan
CEIP
A brief US analysis of the political and security situation in Afghanistan
Defence, Terrorism & Security, Governance & PoliticsPosted: 2009-08-28
Copts, Brothers, Salafis, and Autocrats: The Alexandria Bombing and Egypt’s Unresolved Crisis
CEIP
A US commentary on Egupt's sectarian crisis
Defence, Terrorism & Security, Public Safety & Disaster MitigationPosted: 2011-01-15
Punching the U.S. Military's 'Soft Ribs': China's Antisatellite Weapon Test in Strategic Perspective
CEIP
An 8-page US policy brief offering a new perspective on China's ASAT
Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2007-07-11
Guidelines for Approaching Iran
CEIP
This 6-page US policy outlook examines the factors that should guide any attempts to engage with Iran and influence its policies
Foreign Policy, Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2007-07-11
The Middle East: Evolution of a Broken Regional Order
CEIP
This 28-page US paper identifies patterns and trends in the dynamic history between the countries of the Middle East
Foreign Policy, Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2008-09-05
Terrorism Out of Somalia
CEIP
This Q&A assesses the danger of terrorism originating in Somalia, analyzes Shabab’s links with the global al-Qaeda network, and details how the United States should respond
Defence, Terrorism & Security, Foreign PolicyPosted: 2010-09-28
Saving the NPT and the Nonproliferation Regime in an Era of Nuclear Renaissance
CEIP
This 16-page US House testimony underlines the urgent need to ensure that future nuclear expansion is as safe and secure as possible
Energy, Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2008-08-01
"Democratic Bomb": Failed Strategy
CEIP
This 8-page policy brief argues that regime change and democratization cannot solve major proliferation challenges
Disarmament & Peacekeeping, Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2006-12-22
Terrorism Out of Yemen
CEIP
This US brief analyzes al-Qaeda’s presence in Yemen and what the United States can do to contain the threat
Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2010-11-01
Reconciling With the Taliban? Toward an Alternative Grand Strategy in Afghanistan
CEIP
This 114-page US paper argues that there is only one course of action that will achieve victory in Afghanistan
Defence, Terrorism & Security, RegionalPosted: 2009-04-13
Russia's Strategic Choices
CEIP
This 8-page policy brief addresses key issues concerning Russia's foreign policy strategy
Foreign Policy, Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2007-07-11
Engaging Pakistan: Getting the Balance Right
CEIP
This 8-page US policy brief proposes a strategy for the US to pursue in respect of Pakistan
Foreign Policy, Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2008-09-05
Concrete Steps to Improve the Nonproliferation Regime
CEIP
This 52-page US paper outlines the key steps needed for the IAEA to reassert its full authority
Disarmament & Peacekeeping, Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2009-04-13
Evaluating Political Reform in Yemen
CEIP
This 28-page paer evaluates Yemen's reforms since national unification and recommends steps that Yemeni and external actors can take to promote more meaningful reform
Governance & Politics, Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2007-03-20
Al-Qaeda in Iraq: Eliminating Leaders Will Not Necessarily Cut Lifelines
CEIP
A US article examining the status and prospects of Al Qaeda in Iraq
Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2010-06-30
The Taliban's Winning Strategy in Afghanistan
CEIP
This 36-page US report explains how the Taliban have developed a coherent leadership, sophisticated propaganda operation, and national reach that have put the International Coalition on the defensive, marginalized the local Afghan government, and given the Taliban control of the South and East
Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2009-07-16
Eliminating Nuclear Threats: A Practical Agenda for Global Policymakers
CEIP
This 332-page US report outlines practical policy options designed to make progress on today’s proliferation challenges, produce positive outcomes at the 2010 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Review Conference, ensure the peaceful uses of nuclear energy and move to a world free of nuclear weapons
Defence, Terrorism & Security, Foreign PolicyPosted: 2010-02-06
Algeria Under Bouteflika: Civil Strife and National Reconciliation
CEIP
A 24-page US paper examining President Bouteflika's efforts to restore stability to Algeria
Governance & Politics, Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2008-05-06
The Lebanese Army: Victim of the Politicians
CEIP
A US article discussing the political constraints on the development of the Lebanese Army
Defence, Terrorism & Security, Governance & PoliticsPosted: 2010-09-22
The Arctic: A View from Moscow
CEIP
This 44-page report offers a view from Moscow on what the opening of the Arctic means.
Energy, Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2010-09-27
Pakistan and the War on Terror: Conflicted Goals, Compromised Performance
CEIP
A 64-page report proposing that the US adopt new strategies for more effective antiterrorism policies towards Pakistan
Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2008-01-30
Lebanon in Precarious Drift as Parliament Fails to Elect President
CEIP
A 3-page US commentary on the internal and regional dangers of Lebanon's political stalemate
Governance & Politics, Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2007-12-03
Restoring the NPT: Essential Steps for 2010
CEIP
This 70-page US paper identifies achievable goals for the 2010 Non-Proliferation Treaty Review Conference and outlines steps that nuclear-weapon states—including recommendations tailored for the United States—and non–nuclear-weapon states should take to avert failure
Disarmament & Peacekeeping, Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2009-12-23
Power Shift: How the West Can Adapt and Thrive in an Asian Century
CEIP
This 12-page US paper explores solutions to the quandary of how the West can sustain an economic system that will fuel the rise of China, a power whose growing clout threatens to challenge Western control over the international system
Defence, Terrorism & Security, Globalisation & International TradePosted: 2010-03-06
Palestine and Israel: Time for Plan B
CEIP
An 8-page US policy brief proposing a strategy to pave the way for a sustainable armistice
Disarmament & Peacekeeping, Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2009-03-04
Stabilizing Afghanistan: Threats and Challenges
CEIP
This 8-page US policy focus examines the prerequisites for the stabilization of Afghanistan
Defence, Terrorism & Security, Governance & PoliticsPosted: 2008-11-28
Nuclear Weapons and Deterrence in the 21st Century
CEIP
The 16-page transcript of a speech surveying issues surrounding nuclear deterrence by the US Secretary of Defense
Defence, Terrorism & Security, Foreign PolicyPosted: 2008-11-28
The IAEA Should Call for a Special Inspection in Syria
CEIP
A US analysis calling on the IAEA to call for a special inspection of a suspected undeclared nuclear reactor in Syria
Disarmament & Peacekeeping, Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2009-03-04
Yemen: Avoiding a Downward Spiral
CEIP
A 36-page US paper arguing that the current risks in Yemen are unprecedented in their scope and interconnectivity
Defence, Terrorism & Security, Governance & PoliticsPosted: 2009-09-14
The Road Out of Gaza
CEIP
An 18-page US policy paper focusing on the need to rebuild Palestinian institutions if peace is to be achieved
Governance & Politics, Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2008-03-13
Six Years Later: Assessing Long-term Threats, Risks and the U.S. Strategy for Security in a Post-9/11 World
CEIP
A 5-page US House testimony assessing the the US security strategy
Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2007-11-02
Verifying Iran's Nuclear Program: Is the International Community up to the Task?
CEIP
An 8-page lecture highlighting the challenges facing the IAEA in Iran
Defence, Terrorism & Security, Disarmament & PeacekeepingPosted: 2007-11-01
Demilitarizing Algeria
CEIP
A 34-page US paper examining the power relationship between the civilian and military branches of the ruling elite in Algeria
Governance & Politics, Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2007-05-23
Ending Jihadism? The Transformation of Armed Islamist Movements
CEIP
A US commentary on the persistence of de-radicalization by armed Islamist movements in recent years
Defence, Terrorism & Security, Disarmament & PeacekeepingPosted: 2009-09-14
Priority Steps to Strengthen the Nonproliferation Regime
CEIP
A 10-page US policy outlook urging the international community to adopt a positive, proactive approach to nonproliferation
Disarmament & Peacekeeping, Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2007-02-22
Focus and Exit: An Alternative Strategy for the Afghan War
CEIP
This 16-page US policy brief considers the most effective use of combat troops in Afghanistan
Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2009-02-04
The Situation in Iraq
CEIP
A 6-page US House testimony assessing US options in Iraq
Foreign Policy, Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2007-08-09
Turkish-Arab Economic and Military Cooperation: How Far Will it Go?
CEIP
This US commentary explains how Ankara’s approach towards Arab countries faces regional obstacles and is constrained by pre-existing foreign policy prerogatives
Regional, Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2010-12-16
Why NATO Is on the Right Track
CEIP
An 8-page US policy brief on how NATO's new Strategy Concept should address the alliance's future nuclear policy
Defence, Terrorism & Security, European UnionPosted: 2010-11-01
Iran: A View From Moscow
CEIP
A 44-page US report that details how Iran’s desire to develop nuclear weapons and long-range missiles—while refusing to compromise with the international community—threaten Russia
Defence, Terrorism & Security, Foreign PolicyPosted: 2010-11-01
Islamist Movements in the Arab World and the 2006 Lebanon War
CEIP
This 22-page US paper examines the reaction of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood and the Jordanian Islamic Action Front to the 2006 Lebanon war and its impact on domestic politics in Egypt and Jordan
Governance & Politics, Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2006-12-22
Jordan and Its Islamic Movement: The Limits of Inclusion?
CEIP
A 28-page US paper examining how Jordan's Islamist movement gained political legitimacy, and whether peaceful co-existence with the Jordanian regime is likely to continue
Governance & Politics, Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2006-12-22
Saudi Arabia's Successful Counterterrorism Strategy
CEIP
A 32-page US paper examining Saudi Arabia's success using "soft" measures to counter violent extremism
Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2008-10-31
Towards a Third Palestinian Intifada?
CEIP
A US article considering the likelihood of a third Palestinian Intifada
Defence, Terrorism & Security, Crime, Law & OrderPosted: 2010-03-25
Inside Palestine
CEIP
A 21-page special issue examining the most pressing concerns for the Palestinians
Governance & Politics, Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2007-12-03
Beyond U.S.-Russia Arms Control: Multilateral Reductions and the
CEIP
This US commentary argues that governments should commission their defence research institutions to assess whether and how multilateral nuclear disarmament could be managed
Disarmament & Peacekeeping, Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2010-04-15
De-Radicalizing Jihadists the Libyan Way
CEIP
A US article describing the Libyan de-radicalization process
Defence, Terrorism & Security, Governance & PoliticsPosted: 2010-04-07
Pakistan: Conflicted Ally in the War on Terror
CEIP
An 8-page US policy brief anlayzing the reasons why Pakistan's antiterrorism efforts have not been more successful
Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2007-12-03
An Alternative Afghanistan Strategy
CEIP
A 114-page US report arguing that a long-term commitment to building an effective Afghan state is the only way to achieve victory and defend U.S. national security objectives.
Defence, Terrorism & Security, Governance & PoliticsPosted: 2009-05-20
Preventing Conflict over Kurdistan
CEIP
This 66-page US report argues that Washington must pay close attention to the many intertwined dimensions of the Kurdish question and, in particular, to the very real potential for conflict and outside intervention. Washington mustdevelop a comprehensive approach that recognizes and, where possible, leverages those linkages to help usher in a stable and prosperous future
Defence, Terrorism & Security, Foreign PolicyPosted: 2009-03-04
Salafism Making Inroads
CEIP
This US article assesses the significance of a new wave of politically-oriented Salafism in Egypt
Governance & Politics, Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2009-03-11
Kazakhstan’s Political (r)evolution
CEIP
A US commentary on political and security-related developments in Kazakhstan
Governance & Politics, Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2012-02-06
Yemen's Sectarian Spring
CEIP
A US report on worsening internal conflict in Yemen
Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2012-05-14
The Drivers of Insecurity in Mauritania
CEIP
A 34-page US paper examining the causes of instability in Mauretania
Defence, Terrorism & Security, RegionalPosted: 2012-05-02
Simmering Discontent in the Western Sahara
CEIP
A 30-page US paper dealing with instability in the Western Sahara
Regional, Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2012-03-15
Terrorism Out of Saudi Arabia
CEIP
A US question and answer article assessing the threat of terrorism coming out of Saudi Arabia ten years after 9/11
Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2011-09-21