Defence, Terrorism & Security


Nepal's Crisis: Mobilising International Influence

Crisis Group

A 12-page briefing paper urging international actors to prepare for a transition of government in Nepal and help start a peace process

Disarmament & Peacekeeping, Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2006-04-20

Bangladesh: Recent Developments

Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies

A 10-page Indian report on recent instability and terrorism in Bangladesh

Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2006-04-19

Governing Palestine: Internal Struggle, External Coercion

International Institute for Strategic Studies

This paper reports on the situation of the new Palestinian government and suggests how the international community might best react to a Hamas government

Governance & Politics, Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2006-04-19

New European Approaches to Counter Terrorism

International Institute for Strategic Studies et al.

A 38-page study of security threats to the European Union, official responses and relevant technologies

Defence, Terrorism & Security, European UnionPosted: 2006-04-19

Temporal Dominance: Military Transformation and the Time Dimension of Strategy

Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies

A 39-page Singaporean working paper addressing the imbalance accorded to mastering time in military strategy

Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2006-04-18

Globalization and Military-industrial Transformation in South Asia: An Historical Perspective

Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies

A 35-page Singaporean working paper examining the roots and ramifications of military-industrial globalization in South Asia

Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2006-04-18

Russia's Iran Policy

German Institute for International and Security Affairs

A 4-page German commentary on Russia's Iran policy, examining whether it is congruent with Western interests

Foreign Policy, Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2006-04-18

North Korea's Nuclear Weapons Program

Congressional Research Service

An 18-page updated US issue brief on North Korea's Nuclear Weapons Programme

Defence, Terrorism & Security, Foreign PolicyPosted: 2006-04-18

Hamas's Victory and Israel's Dilemma

Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies

An Israeli essay explaining the dilemma faced by Israel in formulating a strategy for dealings with Hamas

Foreign Policy, Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2006-04-14

The Rise of U.S. Nuclear Primacy

Council on Foreign Relations

A 4-page essay explaining how the era of mutually assured destruction is being superseded by an era of US nuclear primacy

Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2006-04-14

Iran: U.S. Concerns and Policy Responses

Congressional Research Service

A 45-page updated report outlining those aspects of Iranian policy of concern to the US and possible US responses

Defence, Terrorism & Security, Foreign PolicyPosted: 2006-04-14

How to Conduct Security Sector Reform in Kosovo in order to Increase Internal and Regional Security

Development and Peace Foundation

A 5-page paper offering proposals for reforming the security sector in Kosovo

Defence, Terrorism & Security, European UnionPosted: 2006-04-12

Afghanistan's Uncertain Transition from Turmoil to Normalcy

Council for Foreign Relations

A 56-page report calling for policy shifts by the US to support a return to stability in Afghanistan

Defence, Terrorism & Security, Disarmament & PeacekeepingPosted: 2006-04-12

Guinea in Transition

Crisis Group

This 16-page policy briefing urges international actors to discourage a military takeover in Guinea

Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2006-04-12

Current Trends in India-U.S. Relations: Hopes for a Secure Future

Center for Contemporary Conflict

This 12-page paper discusses the improved relationship between the U.S. and India and its future prospects

Foreign Policy, Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2006-04-11

Pakistan's Kashmir Policy After the Bush Visit to South Asia

Center for Contemporary Conflict

A 7-page essay analyzing Pakistan's frustration with its diplomatic dialogue with India over Kashmir and urging action to normalise Indo-Pak relations

Foreign Policy, Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2006-04-11

End of a Nuclear Weapons Era: Can Britain Make History?

Arms Control Association

This article discusses the options facing the UK in respect of replacing the Trident nuclear weapons system

Disarmament & Peacekeeping, Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2006-04-11

Actions Needed to Get Better Results on Weapons Systems Investments

US Government Accountability Office

This 18-page US testimony on how to obtain a better return on weapons systems investments

Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2006-04-11

Preventing Catastrophic Nuclear Terrorism

Council on Foreign Relations

A 44-page US report describing what needs to be done to reduce the risk of nuclear terrorism

Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2006-04-11

Iraq's Evolving Insurgency and the Risk of Civil War

Center for Strategic and International Studies

A 334-page report providing an oversight of how the Iraqi insurgency has moved toward civil conflict and how insurgent tactics have evolved over time

Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2006-04-07

Currents and Crosscurrents of Radical Islamism

Center for Strategic and International Studies

A 32-page report summarizing the insights presented at three international conferences on radical Islamism

Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2006-04-07

The UK Defence Industrial Strategy and Alternative Approaches

British American Security Information Council

A 19-page critique of the UK Defence Industrial Strategy

Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2006-04-07

Multilateral Constraints on the Use of Force: A Reassessment

Strategic Studies Institute

This 51-page US paper compares the difficulty of achieving a multilateral consensus in the NATO alliance with generating an effective UN response to threats to international peace and security

Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2006-04-06

Iron Troikas: The New Threat from the East

Strategic Studies Institute

A 76-page US study explaining how the Russian leadership has exploited its energy assets to advance its security interests in the East Baltic Sea region

Foreign Policy, Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2006-04-06

Time for a US/Iran Patch Up

Carnegie Endowment for International Peace

This 19-page US paper argues that, with serious mutual effort, Iran and the US can normalize their relations

Foreign Policy, Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2006-04-06

The MSDF Indian Ocean Deployment: Blue Water Militarization in a "Normal Country"

Nautilus Institute@RMIT

An essay asserting that Japan's military strength, especially its naval forces, is commonly underestimated

Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2006-04-06

China's Emergence: Implications for Australia

Parliament of Australia

A 249-page report examining China's foreign policy, military modernization programme, its effect on other countries in the Asia Pacific region and the implications for Australia

Foreign Policy, Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2006-04-06

Aviation Security

US Government Accountability Office

A 40-page US testimony reporting on the enhancements made to air passenger and baggage screening

Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2006-04-05

Human Security: Incoherent Concept or Policy Template?

Bonn International Center for Conversion

A 10-page speech examining the concept of human security

Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2006-04-05

Passenger Rail Security

US Government Accountability Office

This 31-page US testimony reports on the security practices implemented by rail transport operators to mitigate the risks of terrorist attacks and enhance security

Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2006-04-04

Combatting Nuclear Smuggling

US Government Accountability Office

An 80-page US report examining the progress of US programmes providing nuclear detection equipment to foreign governments for the prevention of nuclear smuggling, and the challenges to those programmes

Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2006-04-04

Israel's Lessons for Fighting Terrorists and their Implications for the United States

Brookings Institution

A 29-page paper analyzing the lessons to be learned from Israel's experience of dealing with terrorism

Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2006-03-28

Countries of Nuclear Strategic Concern: Kazakhstan

Stockholm International Peace Research Institute

A short brief on the risk to nuclear proliferation posed by Kazakhstan

Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2006-03-27

'Boffins' and 'Buffoons': Different Strains of Thought in Russia's Strategic Thinking

Chatham House

A 7-page briefing paper analyzing different strains of strategic thinking in Russia today

Foreign Policy, Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2006-03-27

Papua: The Dangers of Shutting Down Dialogue

Crisis Group

A 24-page report stressing the importance of continuing dialogue between Indonesia and the Papuan People's Council

Defence, Terrorism & Security, Governance & PoliticsPosted: 2006-03-24

Changing Conflict Identities: The Case of the Southern Thailand Discord

Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies

This 32-page Singaporean working paper offers an explanation of the roots and nature of the conflict in Southern Thailand

Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2006-03-23

Are the Basic Assumptions Behind the Bush Administration's Nuclear Deal Sound?

Stimson Center

This US commentary questions some of the key assumptions underlying the US-India nuclear agreement

Defence, Terrorism & Security, Disarmament & PeacekeepingPosted: 2006-03-22

Russia's Iran Policy: Global and Regional Objectives, Political and Economic Interests

German Institute for International and Security Affairs

This 4-page German commentary analyzes Russia's policy motivations in respect of Iran

Defence, Terrorism & Security, Foreign PolicyPosted: 2006-03-22

The Need to Block a Nuclear Iran

Middle East Review of International Affairs

This 20-page article reviews Iran's nuclear programme, analyzes the natrure of the threat that it poses and examines the various options for coping with the threat

Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2006-03-21

To Save Darfur

Crisis Group

This 38-page report calls for a new multinational force to stabilise the situation in Darfur

Defence, Terrorism & Security, Disarmament & PeacekeepingPosted: 2006-03-21

Bomb Grade Bazaar

Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists

This 7-page article describes how US controls on highly-enriched uranium have been weakened

Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2006-03-17

Colombia: Towards Peace and Justice?

Crisis Group

This 33-page report urges the Colombian government to change its policy on the demobilization of paramilitaries as a step towards achieving lasting peace

Defence, Terrorism & Security, Governance & PoliticsPosted: 2006-03-16

What Lies Beneath Hamas' Rhetoric: What the West Needs to Hear

Oxford Research Group

A 6-page report based on a post-election meeting with Hamas leadership

Governance & Politics, Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2006-03-16

The Iraq Insurgency and the Risk of Civil War: Who Are the Players?

Center for Strategic and International Studies

This 124-page draft report assesses the possibility of civil war in Iraq

Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2006-03-14

Critique of Army Redesign Proves Highly Contentious Inside Service

Inside Defense.com

An article discussing the controversies surrounding the proposed "modularity" plan for the redesign of the US Army

Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2006-03-14

Fatah and Hamas: The New Palestinian Factional Reality

Congressional Research Service

A 6-page overview of the new political realities in the West Bank and Gaza, the challenges facing Hamas and Fatah , and possible implications for US policy

Governance & Politics, Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2006-03-14

The Mirage of Terrorist Financing: The Case of Islamic Charities

Center for Contemporary Conflict

A 13-page US paper examining the exploitation of Islamic charities by terrorist organisations

Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2006-03-11

Do U.S. Nuclear Weapons Have a Future?

Center for Contemporary Conflict

This 4-page article examines the impact of nuclear test moratoria and test ban treaties on the U.S. nuclear arsenal

Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2006-03-11

Iran's Nuclear Program: Recent Developments

Congressional Research Service

This 6-page updated US report summarises recent developments posed by Iran's nuclear activities

Defence, Terrorism & Security, Disarmament & PeacekeepingPosted: 2006-03-07

U.S. Nuclear Cooperation with India: Issues for Congress

Congressional Research Service

A 25-page updated US report on the issues involved in transferring nuclear technology to India

Defence, Terrorism & Security, Disarmament & PeacekeepingPosted: 2006-03-07

India's Nuclear Separation Plan: Issues and Views

Congressional Research Service

This 26-page US report provides a background to India's nuclear fuel cycle and discusses the issues raised in separating civil and nuclear facilities

Defence, Terrorism & Security, Disarmament & PeacekeepingPosted: 2006-03-07

Al Qa'ida and the War on Terror - After the War in Iraq

Middle East Review of International Affairs

This 22-page Israeli article provides a detailed analysis of recent developments in the terrorist activities of Al Qa'ida in the Middle East

Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2006-03-06

Making the Right Call: How the World Can Limit Iran's Nuclear Program

Arms Control Association

This US article argues that a multilateral dialogue between the West and Iran offers the best chance of resolving the Iranian nuclear crisis

Defence, Terrorism & Security, Disarmament & PeacekeepingPosted: 2006-03-06

Toward a Long-Range Energy Security Policy

US Army War College

A 14-page US paper overviewing the future of global energy security

Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2006-03-06

Rehabilitating a Rogue: Libya

US Army War College

This 16-page US article explains how Libya's WMD reversal provides lessons to policymakers confronting rogue regimes pursuing WMD programmes

Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2006-03-06

The 'Problems of Mobilization' and the Analysis of Armed Forces

US Army War College

This 14-page US article attempts to lay the foundation for a simple, rationalized system of analysis of armed groups

Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2006-03-06

The Future of Afghanistan

U.S. Army War College

A 16-page article focusing on the means by which the Afghan government might foster greater long-term development in governance, security and economic growth

Governance & Politics, Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2006-03-05

From Internationalization of Terrorism to Internationalization of Anti-Terrorism: The Role of the Summer Olympic Games

Norwegian Institute of International Affairs

An 18-page Norwegian paper focusing on the relationship between terrorism, anti-terrorism and the Summer Olympic Games

Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2006-03-05

The Next Iraqi War? Sectarianism and Civil Conflict

Crisis Group

A 48-page report examining the steps that need to be taken if Iraq is not to descend into full-scale civil war

Defence, Terrorism & Security, Disarmament & PeacekeepingPosted: 2006-03-03

Is Future Conflict with China Avoidable?

Independent Institute

A 28-page report proposing that the U.S. reduce its military power in Asia to reduce the risk of a conflict with China

Defence, Terrorism & Security, Foreign PolicyPosted: 2006-02-25

Iran: Is There a Way Out of the Nuclear Impasse?

Crisis Group

This 37-page report offers an alternative to the Russian enrichment proposal as a possible route for breaking the nuclear impasse with Iran

Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2006-02-23

A Switch in Time: A New Strategy for America in Iraq

Brookings Institute

This 142-page report, based on a series of expert discussions and visits, offers a comprehensive alternative approach to current military, political and economic policies in Iraq

Defence, Terrorism & Security, Disarmament & PeacekeepingPosted: 2006-02-23

The Gulf Dialogue

International Institute for Strategic Studies

An 8-page report of the conclusions reached at the 2005 Gulf Dialogue, held to discuss security matters relating to the Gulf states

Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2006-02-22

Controlling Irregular Migration in Canada: Reconciling Security Concerns with Human Rights Protection

Institute for Research on Public Policy

This 44-page study discusses how security and human rights considerations should be reconciled in respect of immigration to Canada

Defence, Terrorism & Security, Immigration & RefugeesPosted: 2006-02-21

World War IV as Fourth-Generation Warfare

Hoover Institution

This paper attempts to define a common conceptual basis for a U.S. defence strategy with the aim of improving interagency coordination

Defence, Terrorism & Security, Foreign PolicyPosted: 2006-02-21

Recent Developments in Taiwan: Politics in Command - But at What Cost?

Stimson Center

An article analysing the likely political fallout of recent statements by Taiwan's President Chen

Foreign Policy, Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2006-02-21

Uzbekistan: In for the Long Haul

Crisis Group

This 16-page policy brief warns that unrest in Uzbekistan could lead to instability across Central Asia, and offers proposals to the international community to control the situation

Defence, Terrorism & Security, Governance & PoliticsPosted: 2006-02-17

In Their Own Words: Reading the Iraqi Insurgency

Crisis Group

A 36-page paper arguing that the understanding by the U.S. of its foes in Iraq is poor, and could be improved by paying greater attention to the statements of the insurgents

Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2006-02-17

Security Sector Reform in the Congo

Crisis Group

This 41-page report stresses the criticality of security sector reform in the Congo if the country is to achieve peace and development

Defence, Terrorism & Security, Crime, Law & OrderPosted: 2006-02-16

Iran: Consequences of a War

Oxford Research Group

A 16-page UK briefing paper offering a comprehensive analysis of the likely nature of the consequences of U.S. or Israeli military action designed to disable Iran's nuclear capacity

Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2006-02-16

Identity Cards

Parliamentary Library - Australia

A parliamentary brief providing background to proposals to introduce identity cards in Australia

Defence, Terrorism & Security, Crime, Law & OrderPosted: 2006-02-15

Space Conflict or Space Cooperation?

Center for Nonproliferation Studies

Report of a seminar held to discuss the feasability of cooperative international engagement on space assets as an alternative to the development of space weapons

Defence, Terrorism & Security, Disarmament & PeacekeepingPosted: 2006-02-15

Little Room for Maneuver: Belgium Assumes OSCE Chairmanship

German Institute for International Politics and Security

This 4-page German commentary examines the challenges facing the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe

European Union, Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2006-02-14

Iran Before the Security Council? German Perspectives and Goals

German Institute for International Politics and Security

This 4-page essay outlines the German standpoint on the Iranian nuclear crisis

Defence, Terrorism & Security, Foreign PolicyPosted: 2006-02-14

QDR 2006: Do the Forces Match the Mission? DOD Gives Little Reason to Believe

Project on Defense Alternatives

A U.S. critique of the 2006 Quadrennial Defense Review

Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2006-02-14

The Prospects for Post-Conflict Afghanistan: A Call of the Sirens to the Country's Troubled Past

Center for Contemporary Conflict

A 29-page U.S. essay assessing the prospects for the transition process in Afghanistan

Disarmament & Peacekeeping, Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2006-02-13

Hamas Comes to Power: Breakthrough or Setback?

Center for Contemporary Conflict

A 9-page U.S. examination of the implications of Hamas' electoral success

Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2006-02-13

Winds of Change Across the Andes: An Introduction

Center for Contemporary Conflict

An introductory article linking to 4 essays discussing the state of democratization in the Andean subregion

Governance & Politics, Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2006-02-13

Aviation Security: Secure Flight Program

U.S. Government Accountability Office

This 48-page testimony covers the progress and challenges of the U.S. Transportation Security Administration in developing, managing and overseeing the Secure Flight Program

Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2006-02-13

Rebuilding Iraq: Stabilization, Reconstruction and Financing Challenges

U.S. Government Accountability Office

This 24-page testimony before the U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee discusses the challenges faced by the U.S. and the Iraqi government in the reconstruction and stabilization of Iraq

Disarmament & Peacekeeping, Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2006-02-13

Security and the Two-Level Game: The Treaty of Prum, the EU and the Management of Threats

Centre for European Policy Studies

A 28-page paper arguing that the Treaty of Prum is likely to be self-defeating

European Union, Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2006-02-09

Security Implications of Russian Energy Policies

Centre for European Policy Studies

A policy brief putting the recent "gas war" between Ukraine and Russia into its recent historical perspective

Foreign Policy, Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2006-02-09

Palestinian Forces: Palestinian Authority and Militant Forces

Center for Strategic and International Studies

This 54-page U.S. analysis explains the military history and capability of Hamas and PIJ

Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2006-02-09

Will Diplomacy Stop Iran?

Center for Strategic and International Studies

A 4-page U.S. paper assessing the strategic realities concerning Iran's nuclear activities, following the meeting of the members of the UN Security Council on January 30, 2006

Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2006-02-09

The Lessons of International Cooperation in Counterterrorism

Center for Strategic and International Studies

A 13-page U.S. paper arguing that international cooperation is key to developing a sustainable counterterrorism strategy and avoiding tension between the Western and Muslim worlds

Defence, Terrorism & Security, Foreign PolicyPosted: 2006-02-08

The Urgent Need to Strengthen the Non-Proliferation Regime

Carnegie Emdowment for International Peace

This 8-page policy outlook urges the UN Security Council to adopt a generic and binding resolution that would automatically authorize three steps if a state is found in non-compliance by the IAEA

Defence, Terrorism & Security, Disarmament & PeacekeepingPosted: 2006-02-08

Options Available to the United States to Counter a Nuclear Iran

Carnegie Endowment for International Peace

A testimony before the U.S. House Armed Services Committee about the options available for countering a nuclear Iran

Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2006-02-08

Biosecurity: The Next Public Policy Imperative for Canada and the World

Institute for Research on Public Policy

This 7-page Canadian article examines biosecurity issues

Health, Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2006-02-06

China and North Korea: Comrades Forever?

Crisis Group

A 42-page report interpreting China's policy towards North Korea and its nuclear ambitions

Foreign Policy, Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2006-02-04

Repairing the Nonproliferation System

Arms Control Association

An address by Hans Blix on how to advance the disarmament agenda and strengthen the global nonproliferation system

Disarmament & Peacekeeping, Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2006-02-03

Saudi Arabia and Iraq: Oil, Religion and an Enduring Rivalry

United States Institute of Peace

A 16-page U.S. report examining relations between Saudi Arabia, Iraq and the U.S.

Foreign Policy, Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2006-02-01

Overcoming Obstacles to Humanitarian Assistance in Darfur

United States Institute of Peace

This briefing summarizes a discussion on the rising insecurity of civilians in Darfur

Defence, Terrorism & Security, Immigration & RefugeesPosted: 2006-02-01

Nuclear Terrorism

Union of Concerned Scientists

An article arguing that the U.S. Administration's intention to reprocess nuclear fuel involves a risk of facilitating the acquisition of nuclear weapons materials by terrorists

Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2006-02-01

Emergency Management Education in Canada

Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness Canada

A 74-page research report analyzing further education courses in emergency/disaster management in Canada and proposing necessary changes

Public Safety & Disaster Mitigation, Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2006-01-31

Defense Trade Data

U.S. Government Accountability Office

A 10-page review of defence sales/purchases of defence articles and services between the U.S. and other countries

Defence, Terrorism & Security, Globalisation & International TradePosted: 2006-01-30

A Hundred Osamas: Islamist Threats and the Future of Counterinsurgency

Strategic Studies Institute

This 83-page U.S. monograph explores the "new jihad" and examines U.S. responses to it

Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2006-01-27

Transparency in the Arms Industry

Stockholm International Peace Research Institute

A 46-page policy paper making the case for improving transparency in the arms industry

Defence, Terrorism & Security, Disarmament & PeacekeepingPosted: 2006-01-27

The Role of the EU in Fighting Proliferation: An Assessment of the Iran Case and its Consequences

Cicero Foundation

This 4-page lecture traces the development of an EU policy on non-proliferation

Disarmament & Peacekeeping, Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2006-01-27

Developing a Security and Defence Policy in the European Union: A View From the British Presidency

Cicero Foundation

A 14-page lecture on the need for a European Security and Defence Policy, its progress to date and the challenges and opportunities ahead

Defence, Terrorism & Security, European UnionPosted: 2006-01-27

Enter Hamas: The Challenges of Political Integration

Crisis Group

A 51-page report urging the EU and the U.S. to engage with Hamas so as to encourage the organisation to choose politics over violence

Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2006-01-24