Climate Change & Environment
The First Meeting of the Parties to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
Royal Institute of International Affairs
A 6-page situation report on the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, dealing with the international trade in genetically-modified organisms (GMO's)
Public Safety & Disaster Mitigation, Climate Change & EnvironmentPosted: 2004-06-01
Tunisia and Climate Change: What it Means for Southeast Asia
RSIS
This 2-page Singaporean commentary considers whether climate change was the hidden trigger for the Tunisian uprising
Climate Change & Environment, Crime, Law & OrderPosted: 2011-01-28
Converging Peril : Climate Change and Conflict in the Southern Philippines
RSIS
This 48-page Singaporean working paper studies how the provinces of the ARMM in the southern Philippines are experiencing convergence risks from climate change and violent conflict
Climate Change & Environment, Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2009-11-24
The Road to Copenhagen: Climate Change, Energy and South Africa’s Foreign Policy
SAIIA
This 30-page South African occasional paper considers the challenges facing South Africa in balancing domestic priorities with growing international pressure to reduce carbon emission
Climate Change & Environment, EnergyPosted: 2009-12-03
Is there a more effective way to Reduce Carbon Emissions? An Alternative to Emissions Trading and Carbon Taxation
School of Economics, the University of Queensland
This 56-page Australian paper considers a new scheme, the Tender-Price Allocation Mechanism, which focuses carbon factor cost expenditure on abatement rather than just revenue transfers
Climate Change & EnvironmentPosted: 2010-12-15
Exploiting the Oil-GDP effect to Support Renewables Deployment
Science and Technology Policy Research
This 26-page working paper draws on empirical Oil-GDP literature to show how renewable energy investments can help avoid macroeconomic losses produced by the oil-GDP effect
Climate Change & EnvironmentPosted: 2005-01-26
The Gathering Storm: Is Climate Change a Threat to Security?
Security Index
This 11-page Russian article analyzes the implications of climate change and global warming for security in different regions of the world
Defence, Terrorism & Security, Climate Change & EnvironmentPosted: 2009-08-28
From a Social to a Sustainable Market Economy: A new paradigm for the 21st Century
SEF
A 12-page German policy paper considering how the integration of a social market economy and sustainable development can be achieved
Economic Policy, Climate Change & EnvironmentPosted: 2009-06-18
Europe’s Share of the Climate Challenge
SEI, with FoEE
This 68-page Swedish report examines how Europe can show leadership in keeping global climate change within these limits: firstly, by undertaking domestic actions to rapidly reduce emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs), and secondly, by fulfilling its international obligations to help other countries address the twin crises of climate change and development
Climate Change & Environment, European UnionPosted: 2009-12-08
Climate Change, Land and Security
SIPRI
A Swedish essay on the interaction of climate change and security
Climate Change & Environment, Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2009-12-18
Rethinking the Economic Borders of the State
SMF
This 29-page UK essay discusses how the shape of the state should change to confront the twin challenges of economic growth and environmental sustainability?
Governance & Politics, Climate Change & EnvironmentPosted: 2010-11-26
Trading Emissions: Full Global Potential
SMF
This 26-page UK essay asserts the potential effectiveness of carbon trading and urges the creation of a global authority to regulate carbon trading schemes
Climate Change & EnvironmentPosted: 2008-02-08
A Policy Platform for a Low Pollution Economy
Southern Cross Climate Coalition
This 18-page document proposes a combined policy platform designed to lay the necessary foundations for Australia’s transition to a low-carbon pollution economy
Climate Change & Environment, EnergyPosted: 2011-05-08
China Can Achieve Low Carbon Growth: Pathways for Low Carbon Development
SPRU
This 80-page UK report shows that decoupling the growth of carbon emissions from economic development is challenging but achievable in China. It reveals the various pathways that will lead to low carbon development in China
Climate Change & EnvironmentPosted: 2009-05-01
Taking Up the Security Challenge of Climate Change
SSI
A 26-page US paper examining the destabilizing effects of climate change and how the military could be used to mitigate global warming and to assist at-risk peoples and states to adapt to climate change, thereby promoting stability and sustainable security
Climate Change & Environment, Defence, Terrorism & SecurityPosted: 2009-08-16
Baselines for Carbon Emissions in the Indian and Chinese Power Sectors: Implications for International Carbon Trading
Stanford Institute for International Studies
A 39-page U.S. working paper studying the dynamics of carbon emissions baselines of electricity generation in Indian states and Chinese provinces
Climate Change & EnvironmentPosted: 2005-02-23
Human Activity and the Environment: Annual statistics
Statistics Canada
This 153-page annual Canadian report paints a statistical picture of Canada's environment with special emphasis on human activity and its relationship to natural systems
Climate Change & EnvironmentPosted: 2006-11-20
Mekong Tipping Point: Hydropower Dams, Human Security and Regional Stability
Stimson Center
This US paper describes how Mekong governments are making economic development decisions now that, if not soon reconsidered based on more careful study, will imperil food security and livelihoods, threaten domestic political stability, and put great stress on still distrustful regional relationships
Energy, Climate Change & EnvironmentPosted: 2010-08-23
Fresh Water Futures: Imagining Responses to Demand Growth, Climate Change, and the Politics of Water Resource Management
Stimson Center
The 27-page report of a US conference held to focus on the future of global fresh water resources and the politics of water resource management
Climate Change & EnvironmentPosted: 2010-06-13
An African Union? The Shortcomings of Africa’s Strategy in Copenhagen
Stimson Center
A US commentary on Africa's strategy in Copenhagen
Climate Change & Environment, RegionalPosted: 2010-01-05
Health, Place and Nature: How Outdoor Environments Influence Health and Well-Being
Sustainable Development Commission
This 29-page UK research looks at the contribution of aspects of the outdoor environment, both natural and built, to health
Health, Climate Change & EnvironmentPosted: 2008-04-03
Climate Change and Energy Security in Europe
Swedish Institute for European Policy Studies
This 82-page study looks into the EU's progress in terms of the integration of its climate and energy policies and stress the areas that require additional work. Particular attention is given to possible synergy and possible discussions between climate and energy policies.
Climate Change & Environment, EnergyPosted: 2009-06-22
International Climate Policy: Priorities of Key Negotiating Parties
SWP
This 111-page German research paper presents the climate policy priorities of the six major emitters and the EU
Climate Change & EnvironmentPosted: 2010-04-20
Obama's New Climate Policy
SWP
This 47-page German paper discusses the opportunities and challenges presented by climate policy change in the US
Climate Change & EnvironmentPosted: 2010-08-23
"Climate Tariffs" and the Credibility of the EU Climate and Energy Package
SWP
This 8-page German commentary is a critique of Pres. Sarkosy\'s proposals for levying \"climate tariffs\".
Climate Change & Environment, European UnionPosted: 2008-11-08
The EU Climate Strategy: Building Blocks for International Climate Policy after 2012
SWP
An 8-page German commentary on the new EU energy and climate change policy
Climate Change & Environment, European UnionPosted: 2007-05-03
'Clean Coal' and Other Greenhouse Myths
TAI
A 19-page Australian paper addressing some of the most widely repeated myths about reducing carbon emissions
Climate Change & Environment, EnergyPosted: 2007-09-07
Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries
The Australia Institute
This 20-page Australian policy brief draws on the Australian experience with deforestation to identify some of the issues that might obstruct progress on reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation
Climate Change & EnvironmentPosted: 2010-06-02
Climate Change Policy in Australia: Isolating the Great Southern Land
The Australia Institute
Text of a 21-page lecture examining the implications of climate change worldwide, a review of political reactions to it, and implications for Australia
Climate Change & EnvironmentPosted: 2004-09-22
Geosequestration: What is it and How Much Can it Contribute to a Sustainable Energy Policy for Australia?
The Australia Institute
A 12-page summary of a discussion paper examining how much emissions abatement geosequestration may deliver, how soon and at what cost, comparing it with alternative emission-reduction options
Climate Change & EnvironmentPosted: 2004-10-21
Building on Kyoto: Towards a Realistic Global Climate Agreement
The Brookings Institution
This 37-page US policy brief discusses an alternative framework for international climate policy, the McKibbin-Wilcoxen Hybrid3 — an approach that focuses on coordinated actions rather than mandated, inflexible outcomes.
Climate Change & EnvironmentPosted: 2008-12-08
Prices in Emissions Permit Markets: The Role of Investor Foresight and Capital Durability
The Brookings Institution
This 21-page US paper develops a theory that relates the initial clearing price of CO2 allowances to the marginal cost premium of carbon-free technology, the maximum rate of energy capital replacement and the market interest rate.
Climate Change & EnvironmentPosted: 2008-12-03
Smart 2020: Enabling the Low Carbon Economy in the Information Age
The Climate Group and the Global e-Sustainability Initiative
The 4-page summary of a comprehensive global study of the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) sector’s growing significance for the world’s climate
Climate Change & Environment, Science & TechnologyPosted: 2009-02-13
Evidence of Accelerated Climate Change
The Climate Institute
An 11-page Australian report providing up to date information on climate change , suggesting that the IPCC may have underestimated the risk of global warming
Climate Change & EnvironmentPosted: 2008-01-29
Leader, Follower or Free Rider? The Economic Impacts of Different Australian Emissions Targets
The Climate Institute
A 43-page economic analysis of the affordability of substantional reductions in greenhouse emissions by Australia
Climate Change & EnvironmentPosted: 2007-12-06
The George W. Bush Administration: A New Environment?
The French Center on the United States
A 13-page paper examining the policy of the Bush administration to environmental issues
Climate Change & EnvironmentPosted: 2004-08-16
Evaluating U.S. States' Climate Change Initiatives
The French Center on the United States
A 31-page guide to the climate actions of the U.S. states and regional initiatives in North America
Climate Change & EnvironmentPosted: 2004-06-15
Informing an Effective Response to Climate Change
The National Academy of Sciences et al.
This 4-page abbreviated report examines information needs relating to climate change and calls on the US federal government to build upon its existing efforts and those of state and local government, the private sector and citizens by establishing clear federal leadership, responsibility, and coordination for climate related decisions, climate risk management, information systems, and services
Climate Change & EnvironmentPosted: 2010-08-21
Global Corruption Report: Climate Change
Transparency International
This report explores the corruption risks related to tackling climate change
Climate Change & Environment, CorruptionPosted: 2011-05-17
Intergenerational Report 2010
Treasury - Australia
This 190-page report assesses the challenges Australia will face over the next 40 years, including an ageing population, escalating pressures on the health system, and the environmental and economic challenges of climate change
Ageing, Climate Change & EnvironmentPosted: 2010-02-02
Australia's Low Pollution Future: The Economics of Climate Change Mitigation
Treasury - Australia
This 292-page Australian report presents the results of the Treasury's modelling of the potential economic impacts of reducing emissions over the medium and long term
Climate Change & Environment, Economic PolicyPosted: 2008-10-30
Floods, Health and Climate Change: A Strategic Review
Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research
A 138-page working paper presenting findings from a global review on health impacts, adaptation processes and policies relating to flood risks, with an assessment of the implications of climate change
Climate Change & Environment, HealthPosted: 2004-12-06
Biscuit Fire: Analysis of Fire Response, Resource Availability, and Personnel Certification Standards
U.S. General Accounting Office
This 41-page U.S. report into Oregon's 2002 major forest fire examines response, resource availability and personnel certification
Climate Change & EnvironmentPosted: 2004-05-13
Air Pollution: EPA Could Take Additional Steps to Help Maximise the Benefits from the 2007 Diesel Emissions Standards
U.S. General Accounting Office
This 84-page U.S. report examines the consequences of the Environment Protection Agency's action in bringing forward diesel emissions standards. The effects on industry and on pollution reduction are described and recommendations offered
Climate Change & EnvironmentPosted: 2004-03-12
Renewable Energy: Wind Power's Contribution to Electric Power Generation and Impact on Farms and Rural Communities
U.S. Government Accountability Office
A 114-page U.S. study reporting on various aspects of wind power generation in the U.S.
Climate Change & EnvironmentPosted: 2004-10-01
Protected Species: International Convention and U.S. Laws Protect Wildlife Differently
U.S. Government Accountability Office
This 58-page report deals with how implementation of the CITES convention governing trade in endangered species has changed over the years and the relationship beteen the convention and some U.S. Laws
Climate Change & Environment, Globalisation & International TradePosted: 2004-09-24
Danger in the Air: Unhealthy Levels of Air Pollution in 2003
U.S. PIRG Education Fund
A 56-page U.S. examination of the levels of ozone and particle pollution in U.S. cities and towns during 2003
Climate Change & Environment, Public Safety & Disaster MitigationPosted: 2004-09-28
Germany is in the Midst of Climate Change: Adaptation is Necessary
UBA
A 16-page report on the possible effects of climate change in Germany
Climate Change & EnvironmentPosted: 2008-10-16
Delivering the Green
UCS
A 20-page US report illustrating how the energy consumption of trucks could be reduced by 12% using existing technology
Energy, Climate Change & EnvironmentPosted: 2008-10-23
GE Crops Show Uncertain Prospects for Reducing Nitrogen Pollution
UCS
This 46-page US report finds no genetically engineered crops have increased nitrogen efficiency, while traditional plant breeding and other methods have shown success
Climate Change & Environment, Poverty & HungerPosted: 2010-01-08
Coal Power in a Warming World
UCS
A 70-page US paper examining the options for reducing CO2 emisssions due to coal power
Climate Change & Environment, EnergyPosted: 2008-11-19
Climate Change and Your Health: Rising Temperatures, Worsening Ozone Pollution
UCSUCA
A 28-page US report finding that unchecked global warming could threaten public health and increase health costs by exacerbating ground-level ozone
Climate Change & Environment, HealthPosted: 2011-06-03
Global Warming 101: A Target for U.S. Emissions Reduction
UCSUSA
A US report setting a long-term target for reductions in US global warming pollution
Climate Change & EnvironmentPosted: 2007-09-25
Attacks on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Obscure Real Science
UCSUSA
A series of explanatory backgrounders on specific allegations about the IPCC report (introductory page linking to individual backgounders)
Climate Change & EnvironmentPosted: 2010-02-18
Climate 2030: A National Blueprint for a Clean Energy Economy
UCSUSA
A 239-page US report offering a a comprehensive set of smart policies to jump-start the transition to a clean energy economy without delay and maximize the benefits to the environment and economy
Climate Change & Environment, EnergyPosted: 2009-05-28
At the Crossroads: Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction in Asia and the Pacific
UN
This 162-page report provides a snapshot of how DRR (disaster risk reduction) and CCA (climate change adaptation) are being integrated in the Asia Pacific region
Climate Change & Environment, Public Safety & Disaster MitigationPosted: 2011-09-12
Technology and Innovation Report 2011
UNCTAD
This 179-page report focuses on the role of renewable energy technologies (RETs) in responding to the challenge of reducing energy poverty while mitigating climate change
Climate Change & Environment, EnergyPosted: 2011-12-03
Human Development Report 2007/2008
UNDP
The 31-page summary of a UN report focusing on the threat to human development posed by climate change
Climate Change & Environment, International DevelopmentPosted: 2008-02-08
UNESCO World Water Development Report, 2009
UNESCO
This 249-page report offers a holistic approach to links between water and climate change, food, energy, health and human security
Climate Change & Environment, International DevelopmentPosted: 2009-04-13
Water for a Changing World: Enhancing Local Knowhow and Capacity
UNESCO-IHE
Background and discussion papers for an international symposium held to consider issues relating to water security (single page linking to individual papers)
Climate Change & EnvironmentPosted: 2007-06-18
Global Warming 101 - Human Fingerprints
Union of Concerned Scientists
An article examining evidence of "human fingerprints" as a cause of global warming
Climate Change & EnvironmentPosted: 2006-07-27
Latest Climate Science Underscores Urgent Need to Reduce Heat-trapping Emissions
Union of Concerned Scientists
A US article on the latest climate change science
Climate Change & EnvironmentPosted: 2009-02-26
The Security Implications of Climate Change for the U.N. System
United Nations Foundation
An 8-page paper analysing the security implications of climate change
Defence, Terrorism & Security, Climate Change & EnvironmentPosted: 2004-07-07
World Youth Report 2010: Youth and Climate Change
United Nations Programme on Youth
This 192-page report offers suggestions on how young people might be more effectively integrated as individual and collective agents of change within the realm of climate change adaptation and mitigation
Families, Children & Youth, Climate Change & EnvironmentPosted: 2010-12-09
The Practicalities of Emissions Trading
University of Queensland
A 17-page Australian paper highlighting practical issues concerned with emissions trading
Climate Change & EnvironmentPosted: 2007-11-26
Sustainable Development through Policy Integration in Latin America: A Comparative Approach
UNRISD
This 24-page paper examines how social and political actors in Brazil and in Ecuador propose to govern natural resource use sustainably, and how they work at building an alternative political economy based on ecosystem protection, biodiversity, renewable energy use and poverty reduction
Climate Change & Environment, International DevelopmentPosted: 2012-05-07
New Development in China's Climate Change Policy
UNSW
This 13-page Australian report investigates the main actors involved in China's climate change policy-making and discusses recent developments
Climate Change & EnvironmentPosted: 2008-02-28
Energy Taxation: Principles and Interests
Urban Institute
A 4-page US article addressing some tax policies that could be crucial components of an energy policy that addresses global warming and energy security issues
Energy, Climate Change & EnvironmentPosted: 2007-05-10
A Call for Action
USCAP
A 9-page document comprising consensus principles and recommendations from the U.S. Climate Action Partnership, made up of business and NGOs
Climate Change & EnvironmentPosted: 2007-01-29
New Technologies in Support of Improved Forest Governance: Factors Influencing Success
Verifor
A 6-page paper examining how new technologies are being introduced as a means to strengthen forest governance systems
International Development, Climate Change & EnvironmentPosted: 2007-03-15
The Sustainability of the EU's Model for Climate Diplomacy
VUB Press
A 22-page Dutch essay focusing on how the EU decides internally on its international climate negotiating position
Climate Change & Environment, European UnionPosted: 2009-09-03
Carbon Capture and Storage: Selected Economic and Institutional Aspects
wiiw
This 48-page Austrian study provides a general overview of CCS and of related economic and institutional challenges ahead of its probable commercial deployment
Climate Change & Environment, EnergyPosted: 2010-02-04
Conflict and Cooperation: Making the Case for Environmental Pathways to Peacebuilding in the Great Lakes Region
Wilson Center
A 6-page issue brief proposing that mutual environmental dependence be used as a means of peacebuilding in Africa
Disarmament & Peacekeeping, Climate Change & EnvironmentPosted: 2007-02-04
Making the Most of Scarcity
World Bank
This 228-page report offers recommendations to countries in the Middle East and North Africa to improve their water management
Climate Change & EnvironmentPosted: 2007-03-19
State and Trends of the Carbon Market 2009
World Bank
A 78-page report on the state of the carbon market and its likely future
Climate Change & Environment, EnergyPosted: 2009-06-08
Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change
World Bank
This 109-page consultation draft is claimed to be the most in-depth analysis of the economics of adaptation to climate change to date and uses a new methodology for assessing these costs
Climate Change & EnvironmentPosted: 2009-10-18
HEAT: A Hands-on Energy Adaptation Toolkit
World Bank
This toolkit is designed to lead policymakers through an assessment of climate vulnerabilities and adaptation options in a country's energy sector
Climate Change & Environment, EnergyPosted: 2010-08-30
State of the Carbon Market 2007
World Bank
A 52-page report documenting the growth in the global carbon market
Climate Change & Environment, EnergyPosted: 2007-05-07
Low-Carbon Development for Mexico
World Bank
This 170-page study on low-carbon development in Mexico concluded that Mexico could reduce its carbon (CO2) emissions by at least 42 percent (or 477 million tons) per year by 2030 without sacrificing economic development
Climate Change & EnvironmentPosted: 2009-11-04
Adaptation to Climate Change May Be Farmers' Best Bet
World Bank
An article describing the merits of adaptation to climate change to minimise agricultural losses
Climate Change & Environment, International DevelopmentPosted: 2008-04-29
At Loggerheads: Agricultural Expansion, Poverty Reduction and Environment in the Tropical Forests
World Bank
This 308-page report addresses the potential dilemma of trade-offs between poverty reduction and environmental protection with regard to tropical forests
Climate Change & Environment, Poverty & HungerPosted: 2006-10-31
Environment Matters: Annual Review, 2005
World Bank
A 66-page report offering a focus on global environmental health
Health, Climate Change & EnvironmentPosted: 2005-10-12
Growth and CO2 Emisssions: How Do Different Countries Fare?
World Bank
This 38-page report provides details of CO2 emissions by country
Climate Change & EnvironmentPosted: 2007-11-07
International Trade and Climate Change
World Bank
A 26-page summary report explaining the linkages between trade liberalization, international development and addressing climate change
International Development, Climate Change & EnvironmentPosted: 2007-11-21
Poverty and the Environment
World Bank
A 22-page summary report aimed at clarifying the linkages between poverty and the environment in developing countries at the household level
Poverty & Hunger, Climate Change & EnvironmentPosted: 2007-11-21
Forests Sourcebook
World Bank
A 372-page practical guide on managing and using the world's shrinking forests
Climate Change & EnvironmentPosted: 2008-04-29
Beyond the Sea Walls
World Bank
A 4-page article addressing what developing countries need to do to adapt to climate change
Climate Change & EnvironmentPosted: 2008-03-08
The Renewable Energy Toolkit
World Bank
This toolkit is an operational guide to the design of renewable energy projects in developing countries
Climate Change & Environment, International DevelopmentPosted: 2006-03-01
The Little Green Data Book 2007
World Bank
This 240-page compendium of environmental data focuses on carbon dioxide emissions
Climate Change & Environment, International DevelopmentPosted: 2007-05-14
World Development Report 2010: Development and Climate Change
World Bank
This 365-page report states that developing countries can shift to lower-carbon paths while promoting development and reducing poverty, but this depends on financial and technical assistance from high-income countries. It also concludes that high-income countries need to act quickly to reduce their carbon footprints and boost development of alternative energy sources to help tackle climate change
Climate Change & Environment, International DevelopmentPosted: 2009-09-22
Ecosystems, Livelihoods and Disasters: An Integrated Approach to Disaster Risk Management
World Conservation Union
This 40-page report proposes an approach integrating ecosystem management, development planning and risk reduction strategies to reduce disaster impacts
Climate Change & Environment, International DevelopmentPosted: 2006-09-21
Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Health Sythesis
World Health Organisation
A 64-page report assessing how ecosystem changes do, or could, affect human well-being
Climate Change & Environment, HealthPosted: 2005-12-14
Study on Environmental Burden of Disease in Children: Key Findings
World Health Organisation Europe
A 7-page fact sheet presenting key findings from the first study to assess the overall impact of the environment on child health in the WHO European region
Families, Children & Youth, Climate Change & EnvironmentPosted: 2004-07-04
2005 Hottest Year on Record
World Policy Institute
Article reporting on record global surface temperature during 2005 and relevance of greenhouse gases
Climate Change & EnvironmentPosted: 2006-04-04
Navigating the Numbers: Greenhouse Gas Data and International Climate Policy
World Resources Institute
A 132-page research report synthesising the range of greenhouse gas emissions data in a digestible form
Climate Change & EnvironmentPosted: 2005-12-17
Climate Science 2005: Major New Discoveries
World Resources Institute
This 14-page issue brief reviews the implications of climate change findings reported in scientific journals during 2005
Climate Change & EnvironmentPosted: 2006-03-17
World Resources 2005 - The Wealth of the Poor: Managing Ecosystems to Fight Poverty
World Resources Institute et al.
A 228-page report illustrating how natural resources managed at the local level are frequently the most effective means for the world's rural poor people to create wealth for themselves
Poverty & Hunger, Climate Change & EnvironmentPosted: 2005-09-16
Human Pressure on the Brazilian Amazon Forests
World Resources Institute, Imazon
This 86-page report shows the extent to which the Brazilian Amazon rainforest is under pressure from human activities
Climate Change & EnvironmentPosted: 2006-04-20
Conflicting EU Funds: Pitting Conservation Against Unsustainable Development
World Wildlife Fund
This 76-page report describes ways in which the use of EU funds may clash with conservation objectives
Climate Change & EnvironmentPosted: 2006-04-19
The Economic Values of the World's Wetlands
World Wildlife Fund
This 32-page report highlights the economic and social costs of govenments' failing to manage wetlands sustainably
Climate Change & EnvironmentPosted: 2004-02-12